Google Tricks: Gaming and Fun Related

Google is full of unique things and surprises. With that Google is also having few interesting tricks with its search engine. I have found some Google search engine tricks which are really cool. Some of them are really interesting and funny. I am sure you like them too. Just try all of them.

Shooting Game Google Trick

Here is quite cool trick. With this trick you will get some game like shooting where you have to hunt the insects which are eating your searching. Sounds interesting, Right? Check it out below.

Just follow these steps

• First open the Google search Engine

• Type “zerg rush”

• Press Enter or Search that keyword

• Wait for 5 seconds (depending on your Internet Speed), and see the magic.

I am sure you will be surprised seeing its result, of course if it is still unknown to you. He he. For me, I have never seen it before so it was surprising for me. Hope you will like it too. Share it with friends and see their reactions. 

---

Google Packman: Another Gaming Related Trick

Packman is quite famous game in gaming world. I am sure you all have played this game on sometime. Want to give a try again for the same game. Here it is.

Google Packman

Just click this link. You will be redirected to google search page, with this game instead of Google logo. You can play the game too by using your keyboard navigation keys. So enjoy your Packman gaming experience again.

---

Let search Google by itself!!!!

This is my favorite one. And this is really good trick to share with someone. I don’t know how to tell you , I mean this will clear your ideas more when you use it. You can just search anything with this site, and this site will make a link for you. You can share that link with your friends which are quite lazy in typing and searching things on Google. It is like fun. Check out below link which I have made for my site.

Comptips

He he. No need to type and press search button you lazy people. Okay that was just a joke. Here is the site link using which you can make such links.

Make your own links

With this site you can easily make links like this. And you can surely surprise your friends with this thing. I am sure you will like this too.

---

Tilt Your Google

This is not gaming related but you will surely love to see your favorite search engine tilted. He he. Follow the below instruction and you will find out about what I am saying.

• Open Google Search

• Type “tilt”

• Hit Enter button or search above keyword

• And see the result

I am sure you will love to see tilted Google. Enjoy.

---

Roll your Google

 This is another cool trick. Seeing our Google Rolling is quite unique thing to see. Check it by yourself.

• Open Google Search

• Type “do a barrel roll”

• Hit Enter button or search above keyword directly

• And see the result.

I am sure you will surprise seeing your Google Rolling. He he, it is funny. Enjoy.

---

Move your Google: Google Sphere

This is also cool trick. You will see your Google searches and Google page moving here and there. It is also just fun related trick. Go to below link and you will able to enjoy it.

Google Sphere

---

Google Gravity Trick

I have already explained about it in some of my previous post. You can also check it out. I am sure you like this one too. Got to Google Gravity.

So this is it. I have explained all the tricks which I recently came to know about it. Hope you like them. I will update more when I came to know about more. ;) Have fun.

Set your own background on Google Homepage

This article is about changing background image of Google Search Homepage. 

Google is most famous search engine for everyone now. For every query mostly all people preferring Google first. Well, now google is not only limited for searching, as there are many other interesting products available from google.  But let’s talk about Google search for now. Most of the people used to open google search whenever they having some problem or issue on any topic. Google’s results are best for any kind of our query on internet, at least for me. But Google search home page is quite boring with white background. But Google have given option to change that white background too. With that option you can even put your own selected photos as google background as below image.

[Click on image to enlarge it]

Let’s learn how we can do that.

How to change Google Background?

Well, for this thing, you need to login into your Google account. When you logged into your google account you will found Change background image option at the bottom of Google Search’s home page as below image.

[Click on image to enlarge it]

Just click on it and you will get few very cool pre-uploaded backgrounds in public gallery as shown in below image. You can select any of them and set them as background of your Google Home page.

[Click on image to enlarge it]

Put your own Images as Google Background

Well, just check out the above image again. I have underlined Your Picasa Web photos option with red line. Just click that option and you will found your every image uploaded on any Google Account. I mean you can see the images you have uploaded in Google +, Orkut, Blogger and other Google accounts. So you can upload your image into any account which you want to put as Google Search background and set it as Google’s background.

If you want to change the background image to simple white again then there is last option available to change the background image to again simple white.

Remember that to get that changed background Google’s Homepage you have to log into your Google account otherwise it will show you that simple white background. This thing is not limited to one computer, I mean after setting this option whenever you log into your account from any account, your Google Background will be that colorful image you set.

So this is it. With this trick, you can easily set different backgrounds for your Google Homepage. You can also put your own images which you like as background on Google Homepage. So change boring white home page and have fun.

Move Mouse Cursor By Keyboard

People always used to of mouse. Even in laptop some people don't like touch pad, so they mostly use USB mouse. So mouse is an important part of computer, and users can't use the computer properly without it. So if somehow our mouse get damaged or get other problem then it will be very hard for us to use computer without it, and specially in emergency situation. But I have one trick using which we can operate mouse cursor with help of keyboard for time being and in emergency situation. This can be really helpful.

Now just recently i found on Internet that we can also move mouse cursor with the help of keyboard. How can we do it? Just follow below steps: (for windows 7)

For Windows 7:

1. Just follow this path : Control Panel - Ease of Access Center - Make the mouse easier to use.

You will get below screen :

Now as per image first tick on Turn on Mouse Keys and then click on Set up Mouse Keys.

2. Now you will reach to second page as below image :

Now as shown in image tick on Turn on Mouse Keys . And as just shown in image click on 'on' in Other settings if it is not clicked. You can change other settings too if you want.

Now apply all this settings. You are almost done. Now you will able to see a new icon in your task-bar right below side of your monitor. Now you just have to on number lock when you want to move mouse cursor from your keyboard. After switch on the number lock you can move your mouse cursor with the help of your number pad from your keyboard.

If you want to on this feature more easily then you can also use this direct keys :  Left alt + Left Shift + Numb Lock 

By above shortcut keys you can directly on this feature and start moving your cursor with number pad. You will get the small window with message after pressing above short cut keys. Just choose yes from it and this feature will be directly start.

Just remember this numbers, this will help you to move mouse using keyboard more easily.

4 = Move Left

8 = Move Up

6 = Move Right

2 = Move Down

5 = Mouse Left Click

- (minus) = Change 5 button to Mouse right click

/ = Change 5 button to again Mouse left click

For Windows Xp:

In windows xp you can also start this same thing. You can start this trick just by above shortcut keys.

Press Left alt + Left Shift + Number lock

This will start the same trick on Windows xp too.. If you want to make changes in speed of cursor and other things like I mentioned in windows 7 section, then just go to control panel, and open Easy Accessibility option in it. You will get new window with few tabs. Select mouse tab and you can do all settings like above from that page. So simple.

So this is it. Moving mouse cursor from keyboard is not as good as moving it from mouse. It is little time consuming task. But surely it is a helpful thing during some situations.

For other help use this link as reference : Click Here

Have fun

Some Interesting Firefox Tricks !!

We all knows that firefox is an open source browser. May be people are doing some funny stuffs because of this. Just found some funny thing from friend via email and I thought I should share it with you friends :)

Its like refreshment and having little fun.

Just copy paste all these codes in your friefox address bar and see the results :

Code:
chrome://global/content/alerts/alert.xul
IT SHOWS Dancing Firefox.


Code:
chrome://browser/content/browser.xul
IT Opens another Firefox inside a tab in the the existing Firefox window.


Code:
chrome://browser/content/preferences/preferences.xul
IT Opens the Options dialog box inside the Firefox tab.


Code:
chrome://browser/content/bookmarks/bookmarksPanel.xul
IT Opens the “Book Marks Manager” inside a tab in the Firefox window.


Code:
chrome://browser/content/history/history-panel.xul
IT Opens the History Panel in the Firefox tab.


Code:
chrome://mozapps/content/extensions/extensions.xul?type=exte
nsions
IT Opens the Extensions window in the current tab.


Code:
chrome://browser/content/preferences/cookies.xul
IT Opens the “cookies window” inside a tab in the Firefox window.


Code:
chrome://browser/content/preferences/sanitize.xul
IT Opens the “Clear Private Data” window inside the current tab.


Code:
chrome://browser/content/aboutDialog.xul
IT Opens the “About Firefox” Dialog box inside the tab.

Ha ha... I liked the first one. Simple but still interesting. I would like to know how much more tricks are available like this. ;) Have fun.

Make Your Favorite Web-Pages as Desktop Application !!! Cool Feature From Chrome

I am having almost all browsers on my system. I am using all of them as different browsers have different and unique features in them. And surely I don't want to miss any of them. Lol. That's why I have downloaded almost all.

Just recently I came to know about this cool Google Chrome feature. I don't know whether it is common or known to you, but surely it was unknown to me so far and I really liked it. 

I am talking about feature by which we can make any our favorite web page into desktop application (like desktop shortcut/icon). After doing that we don't need to open any browser for opening that website. We can open it directly from desktop by double clicking just icon like all other application. 

How to Do It ??

• Just open the site in Chrome for which you want to make short cut icon on desktop
• After that site load, just click alt+f (or directly click setting button from your chrome browser) for menu
• Now go to tools and select Create application shortcuts from that
• You will get window like below image

• Now you can select the items as per need where you want to create the short cuts(as above image).
• Then Just press the create and you will get your web page as application at your desktop screen with icon
• Now you can use it and that web page will open without any browser option like below

So you can make short cuts for any web site or webpage using this method. Let me tell you, You will loose all the navigation option too. So it will be more suitable if you do this thing for some particular webpage than the website. Like, you can do this thing for any game from any online gaming site. Or for any other things where you have to access only single page. 

So sometimes it is helpful.  And I liked this thing. And hope you too. ;) Have fun.

How to fix if your computer time changes automatically

Some time when we start our computer its system time changes automatically. Mostly all people think that this is the problem related to that small battery which runs this clock. But it is not true in all cases.

Just recently I have similar problem with my computer. My computer starts with normal time but after few minutes its time get changed automatically (probably after connected to Internet) !! This was really irritating problem because I have to correct my time each time I restart my computer. After changing time it works okay till I restart it again.

I have searched about this thing many time and finally got a helpful and working tip from my friend.

This problem can arise due to incorrect time zone selection. Yes when I checked my time zone it was incorrect. I immediately set it to the correct one and since then its working fine.  So if your clock is not working properly than you can check this thing. If this is not set correctly the time can change when you connect your computer to internet. So you can correct it from date and time setting by right clicking clock from bottom right part.

You can also disable Internet synchronize time from the date and time settings which will not change your time even you having wrong time zone selected.

This is very basic thing but still can be really irritating sometimes. So just keep above two things in mind as a solution if you ever face something like this. Have fun.

Serial Keys of all the Softwares that carry out your need

Hello Friends, I had got many request of the Serial Keys of Various Software's.  So this post contains most of the Serial Keys of many Software's that you ever wanted. I hope you like it.  

Uniblue SpeedUpMyPC 2011 5.1.1.1 Serial:
 

SP-PQTWP-FKF6H-JCBH9-7UQB7-DWK43-GJEUF
 

SET NOD32 Antivirus Smart Security 4 Keys
 

Username: EAV-44623300
Password: mk538ed235
Username: EAV-44504694
Password: k8k3spnujk
Username: EAV-44506038
Password: tk2scjt63h
Username:EAV-44749569
Password:5c4e2rcxfb
Username:EAV-44748649
Password:uvak4b4baj
Username:EAV-44748670
Password:87djmxkv6e
Username:EAV-44749535
Password:c35cbrb3jh
Username:EAV-44750646
Password:ca5n2rtd57
Username:EAV-44750666
Password:j3xceemhaf
Username:EAV-44750669
Password:5v7e84vd3r
Username:EAV-44749537
Password:jn586kkrjc
Username:EAV-44749560
Password:ese8jud87h
Username:EAV-44749695
Password:udhr8mj2n7
Username:EAV-44749708
Password:va6pb6542n
Username:EAV-44748549
Password:sjd8u7bchx
 

ESET Nod 32 4.0 all version working keys Till 2015
 

Username:EAV-43398382
Password:s6h25db4c3
Username:EAV-43398400
Password:58tb266fvn
Username:EAV-43398306
Password:2uvxs3dh55
Username:EAV-43398307
Password:c465stdpth
Username:EAV-43398323
Password:pb84cfubpd
Username:EAV-43398340
Password:nacaaephjk
Username:EAV-43398378
Password:3ka3fxnfjv
Username:EAV-43398379
Password:8aavas27kr
Username:EAV-43398380
Password:kfh4aj2db7
Username:EAV-43398342
Password:uvb65a37je
Username:EAV-43398352
Password:p628d2aku5
Username:EAV-43398365
Password:mjdvck67h2
 

Microsoft Office Home and Student 2007 100% Key
 

HBC66-D6YR7-CRP7H-T8VP4-99PMW
QXMDH-CRYFM-QFR87-HB783-T7RFQ
P37JV-FYJ32-YHH3T-KX7GX-7BJY3
HRMGX-K8WKJ-7FBGW-FTBCY-DWCM3
RCFMT-WFT7M-R779R-BJQMB-M2KWD
T9HJX-4C3BM-MG2R6-WC933-RCBRT
BTT7P-9HBFP-6QHM7-RFHDV-X8XWG
HWMMV-7H4DT-J2PJ6-YB8X4-VQCM6
JM2QC-KMVTP-VR8GV-HJRKQ-YWXWG
BHD34-K6BT7-T6PXP-BXKT4-X3G8D
DDH8T-C2JGD-G6MWW-6CYBV-BDTB6
 

Microsoft Office 2010 Retail serial Key
 

YC8CK-XCDKK-HT398-G8QMY-MC4KG
MV874-M39G6-62W84-37JCQ-32YWB
H3V6V-MJRJT-79V3J-92F9F-R6268
36RJP-T4Y8B-P9HGT-G4C2X-7CB83
BQB2C-G4YR8-6KP2R-6DXJ6-X7TMY
CDQMC-TH6VC-CKCXV-36HRT-QC3DY
V4D3D-MRYR3-Q77QP-9GPB4-8P3DY
HCMJ4-4WM8Q-Q2QTR-WGPD2-Y6QDY
R7FKB-HMKXF-P38MF-HB9HW-VKYMB
RCHJ4-CM64F-GRHK7-BQYC9-K23DY
Q3MR2-7XRGP-HYTGX-V9GMQ-JJMMB
H3YQC-FF4VG-6W8BK-CT6Q3-CGVYB
FTF82-49K3J-BGJQV-RGPMB-7TQDY
Q33W9-T8636-W9VP2-Y87VJ-BDMMB
 

Microsoft Office Professional plus Retail key
 

WXJR-XXTM8-XTHJC-Y9P6K-TTBJH
C8YCF-KGDQ3-PFT29-88GT6-Q3KBB
D6Q7W-DKQBQ-W8862-V7HJ9-VY3WB
6BR37-HPGCV-VRM4C-VYVC8-66VX6
2YBB3-FBKX7-HVT4G-DP82G-VGP29
74329-VF7BM-2CDB7-PG3CD-RJMRP
278RC-WK9QG-PVYD7-3MWPF-J9W2K
GMWMX-7G27C-96KWD-TJHXK-RBHTF
RDGF9-WX39F-CGPD8-XFTFQ-WQBQ8
 

Microsoft office Home and Student 2010 Serial
 

2KGBH-GH34V-RF6JQ-7Y8PB-VWR8W
 

WinZip v15.0 Serial Key
 

ziax9-cvc2u-3fepf-mjka9-xqo2a-oedclzo
tzd6b-bxd3w-mo4us-ipwcs-bodja-ufdclzo
qsvyg-afppm-vl3zq-mwjss-djkha-fkdclzo
 

CyberLink powerdirector 9 Serial
 

BF937-FZ7NB-KHZEY-B3LAP-BNEFL-VT3EW
 

Total Video Converter 3.71 Serial
 

6DEC207B-F3C6764F-0E90B64F-80F3052A-5FB4E1A9-A9050784-1DA74A30-6E95FC39-B4F627AB-406D07C1-97BAB567-806A4672-39A2B2A5-0C7E9E30-8DFDD3CD-B67F235C
DFC5A0BA-023B98DA-320F9A39-71535F5F-5CFB7288-095258DA-45B477A5-D916E431-EA0DFCB3-525C12DE-C04285C4-7D78AB14-95DDAE18-D684A60B-B5F7BDC9-122DBEC
4D00F429-1FECE58B-DE027AC0-19ADEFB8-166B6D05-3457422C-F57D9F4B-FB0411D9-4F31A2F0-C74724B3-1FF8B8AF-3EEF0751-AD159250-0E7CE6B4-733B0E2E-CAF3DA59
 

Tune-up Utilities 2011 Serials
 

J250BQ-JV7CKD-57MEQ9-TNQY37-T227VK-NNKJ0F
J83R7W-09YTEY-D3NBT8-NAW7WT-41CAW8-C5CB0N
YC40X1-Q1VRN4-JMBJWF-D9VDQF-Y8Q5XT-PWMCPQ
7W83H3-DM6MM0-B267Y8-3M5H63-TNCN47-YRT5B9
25HAB6-TW5YN4-Y5HMPV-WDNCT5-X92T0P-Y3MBQF
TC20WH-JJ4TMC-R7734Y-7Q3T4D-KXDJH8-CN8EPH
MNTK1Y-HW5YR8-BPQHRC-WWDNJJ-HPPXME-9XQBXQ
 

Latest updated Tune-up key
 

DV77CD-V10K5J-3HWWD3-2Y2EEQ-4K4PVX-KV1DYT
 

Webroot Spy Sweeper 6.1.0 Serials                                                                                  

SSFC-ONLN-AADI-OOBZ-MSTW
SSFC-ONLN-AADI-OOGA-NRYV
 

Wonder Bit LifePhotoMaker v1.62 keys
 

0WJCQB-447TM6-E905UJ-D8F6NX-58GXNZ-HEU3HJ
0WJCQB-447TP4-7J23NZ-NW0R1D-AFB6MR-JJCB27
0WJCQB-447TPC-K12DQG-TAKEYT-9Y16UB-5K1HM6
 

Windows 7 All Version Product key
 

Windows 7 Home Premium:
 

6RBBT-F8VPQ-QCPVQ-KHRB8-RMV82
 

Windows 7 Professional:
 

1) VTDC3-WM7HP-XMPMX-K4YQ2-WYGJ8
2) 6RQ9V-6GCG4-8WV2H-966GF-DQ4DQ
3) 32KD2-K9CTF-M3DJT-4J3WC-733WD
 

Windows 7 Ultimate:
 

1) FJGCP-4DFJD-GJY49-VJBQ7-HYRR2
USB Secure v1.5.8 Serial :
Serial: U2-453444412-1111
Activation Key: 42F2BAD81844AC38FC5A46E2
Advanced SystemCare Pro 4 Serial
48F0-48F0-F0FF-0CD7
 

Adobe photoshop CS5 Keys
 

1330-1451-8723-5410-7237-6068
1330-1464-8862-0857-4064-8596
1330-1611-5806-7017-8124-5859
 

Microsoft Office 2010 Professional Serial Only
 

22HGX-728MX-BBWX9-7BB8X-J96B4
 

Project 2010 Professional use
 

CQYRY-3KBR3-JW34C-VGH7M-MQM49
 

Visio Premium use
 

PQCFB-YGXGC-TXB66-DH3VW-GCGYQ  

Windows 7 Ultimate E OEM Serial
 

TWMF7-M387V-XKW4Y-PVQQD-RK7C8
 

Autorun Virus Remover serial
 

Name: Dabangkhan
Serial: ESOSZ
 

Internet Download Manager 6.06 Build 2 Serial
 

Name: Dabangkhan
Serial: HP725-68X5M-IIW8F-8411F
 

TypingMaster Pro 7 Full version Working Key
Launch TypingMaster Pro, and enter license:
 

License ID: Don Moy
Product Key : 646MW-37XU-HLS-4PCNH47
Close the program and go to program files folder of TypingMaster (e.g. C:/Program Files/TypingMaster )
Right Click on file "tmaster8.net" and go to properties and apply attribute "Read Only"
 

Uniblue PowerSuite 2011 3.0.1.3 Serial
 

PS-E9J3T-HHJSM-PV3RM-REXGT-EPJK4-PBTF4
 

AVG Pc Tune Up 2011 Serial
 

YA5R41-3PM8J2-MTRD2K-PV0PM3-33­­F06P-DHTBJW
RRDNDT-XBFM7C-N9RJRJ-9F8NT1-RE­­1P1V-AQYBRN
5YHDTE-9RWA0K-P1WD6M-F4BVQR-6Q­­KBWA-Y0YJPP
DE9M46-1V8AK7-RQD4FE-X3BAJ6-37­­256N-8YD5PB
YADCM4-EMHPHT-XE27KW-8H1P34-F8­­1MYC-5A5AJB
JBFWRC-JXQ3BR-F5B8AP-QWM172-85­­FN15-56PKWC
 

WinZip v14.5 Serials 100% worked
 

CE3K3-7NWXA-GR38J-9QWU5-T3YU3-QH30R
EXXX5-2D1N5-CX558-NGKQ7-2UY3Q-8V8ZP
 

Nero Burning Rom 10
 

Serial :9X0C-004C-AXCP-797C-7ET6-C723-1ALK-2UTP
Just Follow these step before insert Serial Key >
1.Bock the program accessing internet using firewall/Disconnect internet.Then Install the application
2.Use the serial provided to register,
3.DO not update the program.
4.Done
 

AVG Anti-Virus Pro 2011 Keys Till 2018
 

8MEH-RXYFD-JUV72-8922R-FTDO8-Q­EMBR-ACED
8MEH-RS47Y-82HT8-GONVA-BCCCZ-D­EMBR-ACED
8MEH-RGM33-K474L-6FGRR-8QEFN-U­EMBR-ACED
8MEH-R6BFE-HWUHF-DPNDA-VFUWX-2­EMBR-ACED
 

Nero 10.5 All products keys Serials
 

Plugins Serials >
DTS Plug-In: KK00-5195-199K-254K-132E-9056-XC07
DTS Plug-in: 9K00-40E3-8E80-57C0-5058-2410-44A2
mp3PRO Plug-In: KC00-203X-1886-2446-051E-54C2-XC60
mp3PRO plug-in: 1C00-8014-9880-2000-408M-M5K3-M12E
Gracenote Plug-in: 9M0C-0194-WHXE-0EL6-CXK9-L81P-61C6-47X1
Nero Move it Plug-in: 9X11-00AK-W57M-MWHT-WP1C-M79W-WA1X-07W2
Nero Blu-ray Disc Playback Plug-in: 9X12-008A-M8PK-M1AU-0944-AM34-T88E-087A
Nero Multimedia Suite 10.5 Platinum HD serial >
Nero Multimedia Suite 10.5 or
Nero Multimedia Suite 10.5 Platinum HD
9X03-014M-337H-H1CZ-L2KK-229X-1ZUX-LPHA

Winamp Pro 5.58 Build 2975 serial
 

3MMW8-ZFCNO-C9ETR-N6U97

Vmware Workstation 9 Full Serial Key 

0F23V-4D38L-9ZQ38-2K37H-83C50
0F03K-80JEQ-8ZF89-8287H-A2R47
0A22R-400EM-EZ4W8-3K9NK-3AUPL
NA64Z-0V054-UZVC0-2L370-837K4 

AVG Internet Security 2013 100% Working Serial Key 

8MEH-RW2ZU-29S4F-26QCR-WT482-BEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RNZLL-2Y4QX-79PPA-MMOKE-AEMBR-ACED

8MEH-RREY3-L2LQA-LUMOR-UDTZ4-6EMBR-ACED

8MEH-RF3MY-BZ7CJ-9LUAR-ST99N-CEMBR-ACED

8MEH-RMXLW-HN44A-BABPA-S9NQF-PEMBR-ACED

8MEH-RGM33-K474L-6FGRR-8RR7K-UEMBR-ACED

8MEH-RREY3-L2LQA-LUMOR-UJXN3-6EMBR-ACED

8MEH-RJXR4-2CKYP-2GB3A-DBMAD-PEMBR-ACED 

If any of the Serial Key is not Working. Please inform me by posting a comment. I will update it.

If you like the post, don't forget to say Thanks..:)

All About IP Addresses

 The key to understanding IP, and all of the issues related to IP, is knowing what a routing table looks like and the effects each IP topic has on the entries in a routing table. To begin with, let's review the basics. IP addresses are 32 bit numbers, most commonly represented in dotted decimal notation (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). Each decimal number represents eight bits of binary data, and therefore can have a decimal value between 0 and 255. IP addresses most commonly come as class A, B, or C. It's the value of the first number of the IP address that determines the class to which a given IP address belongs. Class D addresses are used for multi-cast applications.

(For a full explanation of class D addresses, refer to "Diving Through the Layers" .) The range of values for these classes are given below.

Class   Range    Allocation
A       1-126    N.H.H.H
B       128-191  N.N.H.H
C       192-223  N.N.N.H
D       224-239  Not applicable



N=Network
H=Host



Note 1: 127.0.0.0 is a class A network, 
but is reserved for use as a loopback address 
(typically 127.0.0.1).
Note 2: The 0.0.0.0 network is reserved for use as the default route.
Note 3: Class D addresses are used by groups of hosts or routers 
that share a common characteristic: e.g. all OSPF devices 
respond to packets sent to address 224.0.0.2
Note 4: Class E addresses exist (240-248), 
but are reserved for future use

The class of an address defines which portion of the address identifies the Network number and which portion identifies the Host, as illustrated above, as N and H.

So, without any subnetting (which we will come to a little later), a routing table will keep track of a) network numbers, b) the next hop router to use to get to that network, and c) the interface this next hop router is reachable through. A simple network with the corresponding routing table for a Cisco router is illustrated below.

C     199.2.2.0   directly connected   Ethernet 0
C     10.0.0.0    directly connected   Token-ring 1
C     152.8.0.0   directly connected   Ethernet 1
I     200.1.1.0   via 152.8.1.2        Ethernet 1

Since Cisco doesn't give headings for these columns, you need to know what each column consists of. The first column of the routing table indicates how the network number was discovered. C stands for Connected and I indicates the network was learned from the IGRP routing protocol. For a full description of the routing table as it appears in a UNIX host and a Cisco router, refer to "Should RIP Rest In Peace" .

The important thing to realize is that while a routing table keeps track of network numbers, no one assigns a network number to any piece of equipment. Every interface of a router or host connected on the network must have an IP address and a subnet mask defined (many pieces of equipment will assign a default subnet mask if none is applied). From this IP address and subnet mask, the network number is derived by the IP stack and tracked in the routing table.

(This is the exact opposite of what happens in a NetWare network. In NetWare, you assign a network number to a server LAN card, which is used by all workstations on that wire. The workstations use MAC addresses as IPX node numbers.)

Routing tables can get very large. Internet backbone routers can have over 40,000 routes defined in them. In most corporate networks, the routing table is much smaller, as there are not so many subnets that need to be reached.

Many large routers, particulary internet routers, use a method called Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) to reduce the number of entries a router needs in its routing table. If we imagine, for instance, that all the Class C addresses that start with the value 194 are allocated for use in Europe, it would significantly reduce the number of entries in Internet routers in the US if there was only one entry for all these class C addresses, rather than a separate entry in the routing table for each one. CIDR works if (as in this example) all the networks with the first octet value of 194 are physically located in one area of the network.

IP addresses are used to deliver packets of data across a network and have what is termed end-to-end significance. This means that the source and destination IP address remains constant as the packet traverses a network. Each time a packet travels through a router, the router will reference it's routing table to see if it can match the network number of the destination IP address with an entry in its routing table. If a match is found, the packet is forwarded to the next hop router for the destination network in question (note that a router does not necessarily know the complete path from source to destination--it just knows the next hop router to go to). If a match is not f ound, one of two things happens. The packet may be forwarded to the router defined as the default gateway, or the packet may be dropped by the router. (In the language of TCP/IP, a gateway is a router.)

Packets are forwarded to a default router in the belief that the default router has more network information in its routing table and will therefore be able to route the packet correctly on to its final destination. This is typically used when connecting a LAN with PCs on it to the Internet. Each PC will have the router that connects the LAN to the Internet defined as its default gateway.

A default gateway is seen in a routing table of a host as follows: the default route 0.0.0.0 will be listed as the destination network, and the IP address of the default gateway will be listed as the next hop router.

If the source and destination IP addresses remain constant as the packet works its way through the network, how is the next hop router addressed? In a LAN environment this is handled by the MAC (Media Access Control) address, as illustrated below. The key point is that the MAC addresses will change every time a packet travels though a router, however, the IP addresses will remain constant.

                       PC1    Router E0   Router E1   PC2
MAC Address            M1     M2          M3          M4
Software (IP) address  11     12          13          14


A packet sent from PC1 to PC2 will look like this at point A:

 Destination  Source  Destination Source   Data
    MAC        MAC        IP        IP

     M2         M1        14        11    1001001

A packet sent from PC1 to PC2 will look like this at point B:

 Destination  Source  Destination Source   Data
    MAC        MAC        IP        IP

     M4         M3        14        11    1001001